Articles & References |
Separation Science |
Articles
Nonderivatized Drug-Screen Analysis in Urine with Automated Solid Phase Microextraction and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional GC-TOF-MS 
By John Heim and Scott Pugh
The following appeared in March 2009 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry and has been reprinted with permission.
Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Utilized As an Effective Weapon Against Illegal Drugs of Abuse
By John Heim and Joe Binkley
The following appeared in July 2008 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry and has been reprinted with permission.
Inside the Personalized Medicine Toolbox: GCxGC-Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Profiling of the Human Plasma Metabolome
Adam Culbertson, W. Brent Williams, Andrew Mckee, Xiang Zhang, Keith March, Stephen Naylor, Stephen Valentine
The following appeared in the June 2008 issue of LC/GC (North America) and has been reprinted with permission.
Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residual Solvents Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
By Christina Crimi/Nicholas Snow
The following appeared in the January 2008 issue of LC/GC (North America) and has been reprinted with permission.
Trace Level Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides Analysis by SBSE-GC-TOFMS and SBSE-GCxGC-TOFMS
By John Heim/Mark Libardoni
The following appeared in the March 2008 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry (LC/GC Supplement) and has been reprinted with permission.
Automated Screening for Hazardous Components in Complex Mixtures Based on Functional Characteristics Identifiable in GCxGC-TOFMS Data
By Donald C. Hilton
The following article appeared in the July 2007 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry and has been reprinted with permission.
The World of Separation Science - "The Smarter The Chromatographer, The Shorter The Columns"
By Robert Stevenson
The following article first appeared in the February 2000 issue of American Laboratory - News Edition, Volume 32, Number 5 and has been reprinted with permission.
Flavor and Fragrance Analysis
How can manufacturers be assured that their highly complex raw ingredients or finished products are superior in taste and aroma? Consistency is one of the top reasons consumers will continue to buy a specific food product. This article highlights the outstanding advantages fast GCMS analysis offers today's food and packaging manufacturers.
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection applied to the determination of pesticides in food extracts
By Jens Dallüge, Martijn van Rijn, Jan Beens, René J. J. Vreuls and Udo A. Th. Brinkman
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
This article appeared in Journal of Chromatography A965 (1-2); 207-217; August 2, 2002; abstract reprinted with permission.
Abstract
The separation provided by conventional gas chromatography (1D-GC) can be significantly enhanced by using comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC) instead. Combination with mass spectrometric detection is desirable for unambiguous confirmation of target compounds and the provisional identification of unknowns. A GC×GC system using a cryogenic modulator was coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOF MS) detector. With the determination of pesticides in vegetable extracts as an example, it was demonstrated that GC×GC improves the separation dramatically. All 58 pesticides of interest could be identified using their full-scan mass spectra, which was not possible when using 1D—GC-TOFMS. In addition, the high scan speed of the TOFMS allowed the deconvolution of compounds partly co-eluting in GC×GC.
Click here to go to the Journal of Chromatography website www.elsevier.com/locate/chroma
Click here to go to Science Direct™ www.sciencedirect.com
Analysis of pyridines in mainstream cigarette smoke
By N.P. Kulshreshtha, S.C. Moldoveanu
Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 2600 Weaver Road, Macon, GA 31217, USA
This article appeared in Journal of Chromatography A, 1; October 8, 2002; abstract reprinted with permission.
Abstract
A new technique has been developed for the quantitative analysis of pyridines in mainstream cigarette smoke using a GC-MS technique. For analysis, 10 cigarettes are smoked using conditions based on US Federal Trade Commission recommendations. The smoke is collected in a water trap and analyzed using a GC-MS technique. A standard or a fast GC separation can be applied for the analysis. The standard separation was followed by MS detection using selected ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition on a quadrupole instrument. The fast GC was followed by MS detection with total ion acquisition on a time-of-flight instrument. The levels of pyridine depend on the type of cigarette: for a full flavor cigarette pyridine is as high as 18.0 µg/cigarette (cig.), and for an ultra light cigarette is about 3.0 µg/cig. Substituted pyridines vary between 5.0 µg/cig. to 0.1 µg/cig. for a full flavor cigarette, and between 0.2 µg/cig. and a few ng/cig. for an ultra light cigarette. The reproducibility of the technique is very good, with less than 7-8% RSD in both separation procedures for most of the analyzed compounds.
Click here to go to the Journal of Chromatography website www.elsevier.com/locate/chroma
Click here to go to Science Direct™ www.sciencedirect.com
Unravelling the composition of very complex samples by comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry - Cigarette smoke
By Jens Dallügea, Leo L.P. van Steea, Xiaobin Xub, Jonathan Williamsb, Jan Beensa, René J.J. Vreulsa, Udo A.Th. Brinkmana
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, J.J. Becher WegMainz, 55020 Germany
This article appear in Journal of Chromatography A, 974 (1-2); 169-184; OCT 18 2002; abstract reprinted with permission.
Abstract
The potential and current limitations of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC–TOFMS) for the analysis of very complex samples were studied with the separation of cigarette smoke as an example. Because of the large number of peaks in such a GCxGC chromatogram it was not possible to perform manual data processing. Instead, the GC-TOFMS software was used to perform peak finding, deconvolution, and library search in an automated fashion; this resulted in a peak table containing some 30,000 peaks. Mass spectral match factors were used to evaluate the library search results. The additional use of retention indices and information from second-dimension retention times can substantially improve the identification. The combined separation power of the GCxGC-TOFMS system and the deconvolution algorithm provide a system with a most impressive separation power.
Click here to go to the Journal of Chromatography website www.elsevier.com/locate/chroma
Click here to go to Science Direct™ www.sciencedirect.com
References
Environmental
— "Partially oxidised organic components in urban aerosol using GCxGC-TOFMS"
J. Hamilton, P. Webb, A. Lewis, J. Hopkins, S. Smith, P. Davy • Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions; 2004/#4, 09.03.2004, 1393-1423
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— "Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) measurements of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere"
X Xu, LLP VanStee, J Williams, J Beens, M Adahchour, RJJ Vreuls, UA Th Brinkman, J Lelieveld • Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions; 2003/#3, 27.02.2003; 1139-1181
Click here to go to www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/index.htm
— "Fast Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Other Environmental Contaminants"
J Cochran • Journal of Chromatographic Science; May/June 2002, 40/#5; 254-268
Click here to go to www.j-chrom-sci.com/may-aug02.htm
— "Measurements of assessing environmental exposures to children using small amounts of serum and urine: state-of-the-art"
JMD Dimandja, J. Grainger, DG Patterson, WE Turner, LL Needham, • J of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology; 2000, Volume 10/Supp 1; 761-768
Click here to go to www.nature.com/jea/journal/yearlist.html
— "A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres"
AC Lewis, N Carslaw, PJ Marriott, RM Kinghorn, P Morrison, AL Lee, KD Bartle, MJ Pilling • Nature; June 15, 2000, 405/#6788; 778-781 Click here to go to www.nature.com/nature/archive/IssueYear2000.html
— "Comparison of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for the characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures"
PJ Schoenmakers, JL MM Oomen, J Blomberg, W Genuit, G van Velzen • J. of Chrom. A; 2000, 892/#1-2; 29-46
Click here to go to www.elsevier.com/locate/chroma
— "Gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for sensitive determination of organic micro contaminants"
RJJ Vreuls, J Dalluge, UAT Brinkman • J Microcolumn Separations; 1999, 11/#9; 663-675
Click here to go to www.interscience.wiley.com
Food/Flavor/Fragrance
— "Multiresidue analysis of 83 pesticides and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in wine by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry" • Sangram H. Patil, Kaushik Banerjee, Soma Dasgupta, Dasharath P. Oulkar, Shubhangi B. Patil, Manjusha R. Jadhav, Rahul H. Savant, Pandurang G. Adsule, Madhukar B. Deshmukh • J of Chromatography A, 1216 (2009) 2307-2319
Click here to go to the Journal of Chromatography website www.elsevier.com/locate/chroma
Click here to go to Science Direct™ www.sciencedirect.com
— "Rapid analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Apple Fruit using SPME and GC/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry" • J Song, BD Gardner, JF Holland, RM Beaudry • Journal of Agri & Food Chem; 1997, 45/#5; 1801-1807
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/jafcau/index.html
— "High-Speed Characterization and Analysis of Orange Oils with Tandem Column Stop-Flow GC and Time-of-Flight MS" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Anal. Chem.; 2002, 74/#21; 5635-5640
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "New Technologies for the High-Speed Characterization and Analysis of Essential Oils" • T. Veriotti, M. McGuigan, R. Sacks • Perfumer & Flavorist; 2002, 27(5); 40-49
click here to go to www.perfumerflavorist.com
— "High-Speed GC and GC/TOFMS of citrus-oil samples" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Anal. Chem.; 2001, 73/#18; 4395-4402
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) to the qualitative analysis of essential oils" • JMD Dimandja, SB Stanfill, J. Grainger, DG Patterson • J of High Resol Chrom; 2000 23/#3; 208-214
click here to go to www3.interscience.wiley.com
— "Rapid Characterization of Hop Oils using GC-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry" • MR Roberts, AC Lewis • J of Amer Society Brewing Chemists; 2002, 60/#3; 116-121
click here to go to www.asbcnet.org/Journal/
— "Fast GC-MS Characterization of Flavor Mixtures" • N. Brichford, R. Parry • Food Testing & Analysis; 1997, 3/#3
email: target@primenet.com
Metabolomic
— "A Strategy for Identifying Differences in Large Series of Metabolomic Samples Analyzed by GC/MS" • Pär Jonsson, Jonas Gullberg, Anders Nordström, Miyako Kusano, Mariusz Kowalczyk, Michael Sjöström, and Thomas Moritz • Analytical Chemistry; 2004; ASAP Web Release Date: 11-Feb-2004 • (Article) DOI: 10.1021/ac0352427
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "Construction and application of mass spectral and retention time index database generated from plant GC/EI-TOF-MS metabolite profiles"
C Wagner, M Sefkow, J Kopka • Phytochemistry; 2003,
62/#6;
887-900
Click here to go to www.elsevier.nl/locate/inca/273.php
— "Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis" • edited by George G. Harrigan, Pharmacia Corporation, Chesterfield, MO, USA and Royston Goodacre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK
click here to go to
www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-40106-22-33254719-0,00.html?changeHeader=true
— Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology: Metabolomic Analysis
click here to go to www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/fiehn/instrumente/leco-gc-e.html
Petrochemical
— "High-Speed GC/MS of Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbon Compounds Using a Pressure-Tunable Column Ensemble and Time-of-Flight Detection" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Anal. Chem., 2000, 72/#14; 3063-3069
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "Group-type identification of oil samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC x GC-TOF)" • M van Deursen, J Beens, J Reijenga, P Lipman, C Cramers, J Blomberg • J of High Resol Chrom, 2000, 23/#7-8; 507-510
click here to go to www3.interscience.wiley.com
Miscellaneous
— "Non-linear Ion Extraction for Improved Space Focusing in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry" • B.D. Gardner, J.F. Holland • J. Am. Soc for Mass Spectrom; 1999, 10/#11; 1067-1073 • click here to go to www.elsevier.com/locate/jasms
— "Optimization and characterization of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GCxGC-TOFMS)" • J Dallüge, RJJ Vreuls, J Beens, et al. • Separation Science & Technology; 25 (4): 201-214 MAR 2002 • click here to go to www.dekker.com
— "Optimization and characterization of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC x GC-TOFMS)" • J Dalluge, RJJ Vreuls, J Beens • J Sep Sci; Mar 2002, 25/#4; 201-214 • click here to go to www3.interscience.wiley.com
— "High-Speed GC and GC/MS with a Series Coupled Column Ensemble Using Stop-Flow Operation" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Anal. Chem; 2001, 73/#13; 3045-3050 • click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "A Tandem Column Ensemble with an Atmospheric-Pressure Junction-Point Vent for High-Speed GC with Selective Control of Peak-pair Separation" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Anal. Chem; 2001, 73/#4; 813-819
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "Pulsed Flow Modulation for High-Speed GC Using a Pressure-Tunable Column Ensemble" • T. Veriotti, M. McGuigan, R. Sacks • Anal. Chem; 2001, 73/#2; 279-285
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "Advancing the Science of Column Selectivity" • R. Sacks, C. Coutant, A. Grall • Anal. Chem A-Pages; 2000, 72/#15; 524A-533A
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org
— "Pressure-Tunable Dual-Column Ensembles for High-Speed GC and GC/MS" • R. Sacks, C. Coutant, T. Veriotti, A. Grall • J. High Resol Chrom; 2000, 23/#3; 225-234
click here to go to www3.interscience.wiley.com
— "Tunable-Column Selectivity and Time-of-Flight Detection for High-Speed GC/MS" • C. Coutant, R. Sacks • Anal. Chem; 1999, 71/#22; 5177-5184
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "On the Interpretation of GCxGC Data" • J. Harynuk, T. Gorecki • LC-GC; Sept. 2002, Vol 20 #9; 876-892
click here to go to www.chromatographyonline.com/lcgc/
— "A Model of Peak Amplitude Enhancement In Orthogonal Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography" • AC Lewis, KD Bartle, AL Lee • Anal. Chem; 2001, 73/#6; 1330-1335
click here to go to www.pubs.acs.org/journals/ancham/index.html
— "A new tool for the optimized analysis of complex volatile mixtures: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry" • J M Dimandja • American Lab; Feb 2003, Vol 25 #3; 42-53
click here to go to www.iscpubs.com/articles/index.php
— "Design Considerations for a GC x GC System" • J Harynuk, T Gorecki • J. Sep Sci; 2002, 25/#5-6; 304-310
click here to go to www3.interscience.wiley.com
— "Possibilities of Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Fast GC Analysis" • RJJ Vreuls, J Dalluge, J Beens • Spectra Analyse;
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click here to go to www.editions-pci.fr
— "Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC)" • J Beens, J Dalluge, L van Stee, M Adahchour, UAT Brinkman • G.I.T. Laboratory Journal; 5/2002; 213
click here to go to www.gitverlag.com
— "Peak Amplitude and Resolution in Comprehensive Gas Chromatography Using Valve Modulation" • Jacquelin F Hamilton (Sch of Chem Univ of Leeds, Leeds UK), Alastari C Lewis (Sch of Chem Univ of Leeds and Sch of Environment Univ of Leeds), Keith D Bartle (Sch of Chem Univ of Leeds, Leeds UK) • J. Sep Sci; May 2003, Vol 26 #6-7; 578-584
click here to go to www3.interscience.wiley.com
— "Rapid Analysis of PAHs in Fly Ash Using Thermal Desorption and Fast GC-TOFMS" • Zhou, Liu, Pan, Riley, Xu • J of Chromatographic Science; May/June 2003, Vol. 41, 245-250
click here to go to www.j-chrom-sci.com/backissues.htm
— "Evaluation of Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography—Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Multiple Pesticide Residues in Fruit." • Jitka Zrostlíková, Jana Hajslová, Tomás Cajka • Journal of Chromatography A; 1019 (2003) 173-186 click here to go to www.elsevier.com/locate/chrom
