Articles & References

Separation Science

 

Articles

Part-per-Trillion Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides, and Related Organic Contaminants in River Water by Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
By Victor Matamoros, Eric Jover, and Josep M. Bayona
The following appeared in the January 15, 2010 Vol. 82, Number 2 issue of Analytical Chemistry Pages 699-706

Unravelling the Complexity of Fragrances in HPC* Products Using TruTOF GC-TOF-MS with Automated Data Deconvolution (PDF)
By Nick Jones, Marcel Kneepkens, Izabela Malyszko, Sjaak de Koning, and Lorraine Kay
The following appeared in the December 17, 2009 Vol. 5, Number 18 issue of The Column and has been reprinted with permission.

Nonderivatized Drug-Screen Analysis in Urine with Automated Solid Phase Microextraction and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional GC-TOF-MS (PDF)
By John Heim and Scott Pugh
The following appeared in the March 2009 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry and has been reprinted with permission.

Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Utilized As an Effective Weapon Against Illegal Drugs of Abuse (PDF)
By John Heim and Joe Binkley
The following appeared in the July 2008 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry and has been reprinted with permission.

Inside the Personalized Medicine Toolbox: GCxGC-Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Profiling of the Human Plasma Metabolome (PDF)
Adam Culbertson, W. Brent Williams, Andrew Mckee, Xiang Zhang, Keith March, Stephen Naylor, Stephen Valentine
The following appeared in the June 2008 issue of LC/GC (North America) and has been reprinted with permission.

Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residual Solvents Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (PDF)
By Christina Crimi/Nicholas Snow
The following appeared in the January 2008 issue of LC/GC (North America) and has been reprinted with permission.

Trace Level Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides Analysis by SBSE-GC-TOFMS and SBSE-GCxGC-TOFMS (PDF)
By John Heim/Mark Libardoni
The following appeared in the March 2008 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry (LC/GC Supplement) and has been reprinted with permission.

Automated Screening for Hazardous Components in Complex Mixtures Based on Functional Characteristics Identifiable in GCxGC-TOFMS Data (PDF)
By Donald C. Hilton
The following article appeared in the July 2007 issue of Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry and has been reprinted with permission.

The World of Separation Science - "The Smarter The Chromatographer, The Shorter The Columns" (PDF)
By Robert Stevenson
The following article first appeared in the February 2000 issue of American Laboratory - News Edition, Volume 32, Number 5 and has been reprinted with permission.

Flavor and Fragrance Analysis
How can manufacturers be assured that their highly complex raw ingredients or finished products are superior in taste and aroma? Consistency is one of the top reasons consumers will continue to buy a specific food product. This article highlights the outstanding advantages fast GCMS analysis offers today's food and packaging manufacturers.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection applied to the determination of pesticides in food extracts
By Jens Dallüge, Martijn van Rijn, Jan Beens, René J. J. Vreuls and Udo A. Th. Brinkman
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

This article appeared in Journal of Chromatography A965 (1-2); 207-217; August 2, 2002; abstract reprinted with permission.

Abstract
The separation provided by conventional gas chromatography (1D-GC) can be significantly enhanced by using comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC) instead. Combination with mass spectrometric detection is desirable for unambiguous confirmation of target compounds and the provisional identification of unknowns. A GC×GC system using a cryogenic modulator was coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOF MS) detector. With the determination of pesticides in vegetable extracts as an example, it was demonstrated that GC×GC improves the separation dramatically. All 58 pesticides of interest could be identified using their full-scan mass spectra, which was not possible when using 1D—GC-TOFMS. In addition, the high scan speed of the TOFMS allowed the deconvolution of compounds partly co-eluting in GC×GC.

 

Analysis of pyridines in mainstream cigarette smoke
By N.P. Kulshreshtha, S.C. Moldoveanu
Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 2600 Weaver Road, Macon, GA 31217, USA

This article appeared in Journal of Chromatography A, 1; October 8, 2002; abstract reprinted with permission.

Abstract
A new technique has been developed for the quantitative analysis of pyridines in mainstream cigarette smoke using a GC-MS technique. For analysis, 10 cigarettes are smoked using conditions based on US Federal Trade Commission recommendations. The smoke is collected in a water trap and analyzed using a GC-MS technique. A standard or a fast GC separation can be applied for the analysis. The standard separation was followed by MS detection using selected ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition on a quadrupole instrument. The fast GC was followed by MS detection with total ion acquisition on a time-of-flight instrument. The levels of pyridine depend on the type of cigarette: for a full flavor cigarette pyridine is as high as 18.0 µg/cigarette (cig.), and for an ultra light cigarette is about 3.0 µg/cig. Substituted pyridines vary between 5.0 µg/cig. to 0.1 µg/cig. for a full flavor cigarette, and between 0.2 µg/cig. and a few ng/cig. for an ultra light cigarette. The reproducibility of the technique is very good, with less than 7-8% RSD in both separation procedures for most of the analyzed compounds.

 

Unravelling the composition of very complex samples by comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry - Cigarette smoke
By Jens Dallügea, Leo L.P. van Steea, Xiaobin Xub, Jonathan Williamsb, Jan Beensa, René J.J. Vreulsa, Udo A.Th. Brinkmana
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, J.J. Becher WegMainz, 55020 Germany

This article appeared in Journal of Chromatography A, 974 (1-2); 169-184; OCT 18 2002; abstract reprinted with permission.

Abstract
The potential and current limitations of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC–TOFMS) for the analysis of very complex samples were studied with the separation of cigarette smoke as an example. Because of the large number of peaks in such a GCxGC chromatogram it was not possible to perform manual data processing. Instead, the GC-TOFMS software was used to perform peak finding, deconvolution, and library search in an automated fashion; this resulted in a peak table containing some 30,000 peaks. Mass spectral match factors were used to evaluate the library search results. The additional use of retention indices and information from second-dimension retention times can substantially improve the identification. The combined separation power of the GCxGC-TOFMS system and the deconvolution algorithm provide a system with a most impressive separation power.

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References

 

Environmental
"Partially oxidised organic components in urban aerosol using GCxGC-TOFMS" (PDF)
J. Hamilton, P. Webb, A. Lewis, J. Hopkins, S. Smith, P. Davy • Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions; 2004/#4, 09.03.2004, 1393-1423

"Fast Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Other Environmental Contaminants"
J Cochran • Journal of Chromatographic Science; May/June 2002, 40/#5; 254-268

"Measurements of assessing environmental exposures to children using small amounts of serum and urine: state-of-the-art" (PDF)
JMD Dimandja, J. Grainger, DG Patterson, WE Turner, LL Needham, • J of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology; 2000, Volume 10/Supp 1; 761-768

"A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres"
AC Lewis, N Carslaw, PJ Marriott, RM Kinghorn, P Morrison, AL Lee, KD Bartle, MJ Pilling • Nature; June 15, 2000, 405/#6788; 778-781

"Comparison of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for the characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures"
PJ Schoenmakers, JL MM Oomen, J Blomberg, W Genuit, G van Velzen • J. of Chrom. A; 2000, 892/#1-2; 29-46

"Gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for sensitive determination of organic micro contaminants"
RJJ Vreuls, J Dalluge, UAT Brinkman • J Microcolumn Separations; 1999, 11/#9; 663-675

 

Food/Flavor/Fragrance
"Multiresidue analysis of 83 pesticides and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in wine by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry" • Sangram H. Patil, Kaushik Banerjee, Soma Dasgupta, Dasharath P. Oulkar, Shubhangi B. Patil, Manjusha R. Jadhav, Rahul H. Savant, Pandurang G. Adsule, Madhukar B. Deshmukh • J of Chromatography A, 1216 (2009) 2307-2319

"Rapid analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Apple Fruit using SPME and GC/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry" • J Song, BD Gardner, JF Holland, RM Beaudry • Journal of Agri & Food Chem; 1997, 45/#5; 1801-1807

"High-Speed Characterization and Analysis of Orange Oils with Tandem Column Stop-Flow GC and Time-of-Flight MS" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Analytical Chemistry; 2002, 74/#21; 5635-5640

"New Technologies for the High-Speed Characterization and Analysis of Essential Oils" • T. Veriotti, M. McGuigan, R. Sacks • Perfumer & Flavorist; 2002, 27(5); 40-49

"High-Speed GC and GC/TOFMS of Lemon and Lime Oil samples" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Analytical Chemistry; 2001, 73/#18; 4395-4402

"Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) to the qualitative analysis of essential oils" • JMD Dimandja, SB Stanfill, J. Grainger, DG Patterson • J of High Resol Chrom; 2000 23/#3; 208-214

"Rapid Characterization of Hop Oils using GC-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry" • MR Roberts, AC Lewis • J of Amer Society Brewing Chemists; 2002, 60/#3; 116-121

"Fast GC-MS Characterization of Flavor Mixtures" • N. Brichford, R. Parry • Food Testing & Analysis; 1997, 3/#3
email: target@primenet.com

 

Metabolomic
"A Strategy for Identifying Differences in Large Series of Metabolomic Samples Analyzed by GC/MS" • Pär Jonsson, Jonas Gullberg, Anders Nordström, Miyako Kusano, Mariusz Kowalczyk, Michael Sjöström, and Thomas Moritz • Analytical Chemistry; 2004; ASAP Web Release Date: 11-Feb-2004 • (Article) DOI: 10.1021/ac0352427

"Construction and application of mass spectral and retention time index database generated from plant GC/EI-TOF-MS metabolite profiles"
C Wagner, M Sefkow, J Kopka • Phytochemistry; 2003,
62/#6; 887-900

"Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis" • edited by George G. Harrigan, Pharmacia Corporation, Chesterfield, MO, USA and Royston Goodacre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK

Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology: Metabolomic Analysis

 

Petrochemical
"High-Speed GC/MS of Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbon Compounds Using a Pressure-Tunable Column Ensemble and Time-of-Flight Detection" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Analytical Chemistry, 2000, 72/#14; 3063-3069

"Group-type identification of oil samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC x GC-TOF)" • M van Deursen, J Beens, J Reijenga, P Lipman, C Cramers, J Blomberg • J of High Resol Chrom, 2000, 23/#7-8; 507-510

 

Miscellaneous
"Non-linear Ion Acceleration for Improved Space Focusing in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry" • B.D. Gardner, J.F. Holland • J. Am. Soc for Mass Spectrom; 1999, 10/#11; 1067-1073

"Optimization and characterization of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC x GC-TOFMS)" • J Dalluge, RJJ Vreuls, J Beens • J Sep Sci; Mar 2002, 25/#4; 201-214 •

"High-Speed GC and GC/MS with a Series Coupled Column Ensemble Using Stop-Flow Operation" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Analytical Chemistry; 2001, 73/#13; 3045-3050 •

"A Tandem Column Ensemble with an Atmospheric-Pressure Junction-Point Vent for High-Speed GC with Selective Control of Peak-pair Separation" • T. Veriotti, R. Sacks • Analytical Chemistry; 2001, 73/#4; 813-819

"Pulsed Flow Modulation for High-Speed GC Using a Pressure-Tunable Column Ensemble" • T. Veriotti, M. McGuigan, R. Sacks • Analytical Chemistry; 2001, 73/#2; 279-285

"Advancing the Science of Column Selectivity" • R. Sacks, C. Coutant, A. Grall • Analytical Chemistry A-Pages; 2000, 72/#15; 524A-533A

"Pressure-Tunable Dual-Column Ensembles for High-Speed GC and GC/MS" • R. Sacks, C. Coutant, T. Veriotti, A. Grall • J. High Resol Chrom; 2000, 23/#3; 225-234

"Tunable-Column Selectivity and Time-of-Flight Detection for High-Speed GC/MS" • C. Coutant, R. Sacks • Analytical Chemistry; 1999, 71/#22; 5177-5184

"On the Interpretation of GCxGC Data" (PDF) • J. Harynuk, T. Gorecki • LC-GC; Sept. 2002, Vol 20 #9; 876-892

"A Model of Peak Amplitude Enhancement In Orthogonal Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography" • AC Lewis, KD Bartle, AL Lee • Analytical Chemistry; 2001, 73/#6; 1330-1335

"Design Considerations for a GC x GC System" • J Harynuk, T Gorecki • J. Sep Sci; 2002, 25/#5-6; 304-310

"Peak Amplitude and Resolution in Comprehensive Gas Chromatography Using Valve Modulation" • Jacquelin F Hamilton (Sch of Chem Univ of Leeds, Leeds UK), Alastari C Lewis (Sch of Chem Univ of Leeds and Sch of Environment Univ of Leeds), Keith D Bartle (Sch of Chem Univ of Leeds, Leeds UK) • J. Sep Sci; May 2003, Vol 26 #6-7; 578-584

"Rapid Analysis of PAHs in Fly Ash Using Thermal Desorption and Fast GC-TOFMS" • Zhou, Liu, Pan, Riley, Xu • J of Chromatographic Science; May/June 2003, Vol. 41, 245-250

"Evaluation of Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography—Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Multiple Pesticide Residues in Fruit." • Jitka Zrostlíková, Jana Hajslová, Tomás Cajka • Journal of Chromatography A; 1019 (2003) 173-186

"Characterization of military fog oil by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography" • Anja Kohl, Jack Cochran, and Donald M. Cropek • Journal of Chromatography A; November 2009

"The fog's clearing" • Steve Down • www.separationsnow.com;
December 2009

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